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Jiří Gruša (10 November 1938, in Pardubice – 28 October 2011, in Bad Oeynhausen〔(Schriftsteller und Politiker Jiri Grusa gestorben ), Der Standard, 28.10.11〕 ) was a Czech poet, novelist, translator, diplomat and politician.〔(Jiří Gruša (1938-2011) ), Stephan Delbos, 31 October 2011, The Prague Post Book Blog〕 ==Life and career== Gruša was born in Pardubice, Bohemia (Czech Republic), and later moved to Prague.〔 He graduated from the Philosophical Faculty of Charles University in Prague. He worked for periodicals ''Tvář'', ''Sešity'' and ''Nové knihy''. He started coming under the scrutiny of the communist regime of then Czechoslovakia in 1969 because of his writings.〔 He was banned from publishing and had to work in a construction cooperative. He took part in distribution of samizdat literature. He was arrested in 1974 for "the crime of initiating disorder" after distributing nineteen copies of his first novel, ''Dotazník'' (''The Questionnaire'') and voicing his intention to have it published in Switzerland.〔("Interview with Jirí Grusa" ), Context N°17, Daily Archive Press〕 After world-wide protest, he was released after two months.〔 He later became a signatory of the human rights document, Charter 77.〔 In 1981 his citizenship was revoked,〔 and between 1982 and 1990 he lived in the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1990 conditions in Czechoslovakia became more favorable and he returned to work for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1991–1997, he served as an ambassador to Germany. Later, he joined the minority government of Václav Klaus as a Minister of Education. The government lost support of the opposition parties and President Václav Havel orchestrated establishment of a new caretaker government. Even though Gruša was a non-party minister, he was replaced by Jan Sokol. He served as an ambassador to Austria until 2004.〔 From 2005 to 2009 he was Director of the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna. From 2004 to 2009 he was the President of PEN International. Gruša participated in standardisation of the term "Tschechien" as the official name of the Czech Republic in German language. See Name of the Czech Republic for overview. Gruša died at the age of 72 on 28 October 2011 during a heart operation in Germany. Václav Havel wrote (before his own death a month and a half later on December 18) that Gruša was "one of a few close people whom I deeply respected and who have left this world recently." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jiří Gruša」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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